{"id":3958,"date":"2018-07-07T09:27:41","date_gmt":"2018-07-07T08:27:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/water.ma\/?p=3958"},"modified":"2019-01-17T23:23:11","modified_gmt":"2019-01-17T22:23:11","slug":"%d8%b9%d8%b3%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/%d8%b9%d8%b3%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<div>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 (\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 (\u0645\u062b\u0644Al,Fe,Ba,Sr, Mn ) \u0648\u0647\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 polyvalent Cations.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 1 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca: Mg ratio \u2248 2-4 (common<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca: Mg ratio up to 10 (Sometimes<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #008000\"><u>1- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a <\/u><u>temporary hardness<\/u><u> (\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a):<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\">\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0649 softener \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca (HCO<sub>3<\/sub>) g Heatg Ca CO<sub>3<\/sub>i + CO<sub>2<\/sub>h + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca CO<sub>3<\/sub> D Ca<sup>+2<\/sup> +2HCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Mg (HCO<sub>3<\/sub>) g Heatg Mg CO<sub>3<\/sub>i + CO<sub>2<\/sub>h + H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Mg CO<sub>3<\/sub> D Ca<sup>+2<\/sup> +2HCO<sub>3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 softener \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca (HCO<sub>3<\/sub>) + Ca (OH)<sub> 2<\/sub> g 2Ca CO<sub>3<\/sub>i + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">[Thomas Clark in 1841]- [Lime-soda ash treatment]<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #008000\"><u>2- \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 <\/u><u>permanent hardness<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0649 &#8220;\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645&#8221; \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621, \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 softener \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645 (\u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644ion exchange column (resin).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">CaSO<sub>4<\/sub> + Na<sub>2<\/sub>CO<sub>3<\/sub>g Na<sub>2<\/sub>SO<sub>4<\/sub> (Soluble) + CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>i<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>1- \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644Calcium &amp; magnesium (alumino-silicates .<\/p>\n<p>2- \u0630\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0649 limestone \u0648magnesium limestone \u0648 gypsum \u0648magnesite \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p>3- \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">&#8211; De-acidification of underground water by Ca (OH)<sub> 2<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">&#8211; Addition of CaO, CO<sub>2<\/sub> to low mineralized water<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629!<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #008000\"><u>\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #993300\"><u>1- \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631:<\/u><\/span><\/h4>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062e\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0623 \u0648\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #993300\"><u>2- \u0641\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c:<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0630\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0635\u0628\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><u>\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a:<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644soft water \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 2ppm.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644demi- water \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 (0 \u2013 0.5 ppm).<\/li>\n<li>\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646 500 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0627\u063a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0637\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u064f\u0631 (Bitter) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 170 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/li>\n<li>\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 20 \u2013 30 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 40 \u2013 80 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #003366\"><u>\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629):<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #0000ff\">\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0649&#8230; \u0625\u0644\u062e\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644 mg\/L \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (ppm)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 CaO.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 mmol\/l \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 (\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0649).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Description<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\" width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hardness (ppm) (mg\/l) <sub>as CaCO3<\/sub><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Very soft \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"324\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">90 &gt;<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">soft \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"324\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">90 &#8211; 180<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Medium hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">(\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"324\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">180 &#8211; 270<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0631(\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"324\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">270 &#8211; 450<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center\" width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Very hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">450 &lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Description<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hardness (ppm) (mg\/l) <sub>as CaCO3<\/sub><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">soft<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">60 &gt;<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Moderately soft<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">61 &#8211; 120<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hard<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">121 &#8211; 180<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Very hard <\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">180 &lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><span style=\"color: #993366\"><strong>Description<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hardness (ppm) (mg\/l) <sub>as CaCO3<\/sub><\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Very soft \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">15 &gt;<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">soft \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">15 &#8211; 50<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Medium hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0633\u0631<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">(\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">50 &#8211; 100<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0631(\u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a)<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">100 &#8211; 200<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"295\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">Very hard \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"324\"><strong><span style=\"color: #993366\">200 &lt;<\/span><\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u061f<\/u><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>Total hardness <\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>(ASTM D1126) or (Standard method 2340 C)<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<h3><u>\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644:<\/u><\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644(Complexing titration) \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644EDTA \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 (End point).<\/p>\n<h3><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629:<\/u><\/span><\/h3>\n<h4>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0627\u0644EDTA\u061f<\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000080\"><u>Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644metals \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a complexes.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064e\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644di-sodium salt \u00a0\u0641\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><u>Disodium Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>EDTA<\/u><u> \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649:<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u00a0<\/u><\/p>\n<p><u>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>EDTA<\/u><u> \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629:<\/u><\/p>\n<p>0.001Molar for low hardness<\/p>\n<p>0.01Molar for high hardness<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644valency\u00a0 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u061f<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Morality = (wt\/mwt) x 1000<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Normality = (wt\/eqwt) x 1000<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(Where eqwt = mwt\/ valency)<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: left\"><u>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641<\/u><u>indicator <\/u><u>\u061f<\/u><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Erio-chrome black-T (= Erio-T dye<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">[1-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo)-6-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid]<\/p>\n<h3><u>\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>pH<\/u><u> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644:<\/u><\/h3>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"259\">Red<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">&lt; 6<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">pH<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"259\">Blue<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">7- 11<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">pH<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"259\">Yellow or orange<\/td>\n<td width=\"216\">&gt;12<\/td>\n<td width=\"115\">pH<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f pH = 10 <u>+<\/u> 0.1 \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 buffer \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0631\u0649red-wine \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0631.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> or Mg<sup>2+<\/sup>) + Ind.\u00a0 \u009e\u00a0\u00a0 Ca- Ind + Mg- Ind<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(More stable than reactant)<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u00a0\u0623\u0648Na<sub>2<\/sub>EDTA \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 Free \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u0649 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n<p>(\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u062e\u0645\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631):<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642 inhibitor \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644EDTA \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644Sodium sulphide (Na<sub>2<\/sub>S) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 Sodium di-phosphate (Na<sub>2<\/sub>PO<sub>4<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<h4><span style=\"color: #000080\">\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644Buffer 10 \u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Buffer (pH= 10) = weak base + conjugated acid<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">= NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH (or NH<sub>3<\/sub>) + NH<sub>4<\/sub>Cl<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> + EDTA D CaEDTA + nH<sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0Mg<sup>+2<\/sup> + EDTA D MgEDTA + nH<sup>+<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644.<\/p>\n<h3><u>\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>Buffer<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 (\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0645\u0646) \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u0649 Sharp end point.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">NH<sub>4<\/sub>Cl \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u009eNH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> + Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u009eNH<sub>4<\/sub><sup>+<\/sup> + OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> + H<sup>+<\/sup> \u00a0\u00a0\u009e H<sub>2<\/sub>O<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644Buffer\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ca<sup>2+<\/sup> + OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u009e Ca (OH)<sub> 2<\/sub>$<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Mg<sup>2+<\/sup> + OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>\u009e Mg (OH)<sub> 2<\/sub>$<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><u>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629:<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b:\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>1- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062f\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>EDTA<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Sodium Hydroxide Solution (50 g\/L)\u2014Dissolve 50 g of sodium hydroxide in water and dilute to 1 L.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>2- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0647\u0648 <\/u><u>Erio chrome black-T<\/u><u> \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b<\/u><u> (EBT)<\/u><\/strong><u><strong>:<\/strong> <\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Dissolve 0.5 g of E-Chrome Black T in 50 ml of diethanolamine or triethanolamine. Store the solution in a dark-colored bottle. This solution has a storage life of several months.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><strong>\u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0649:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Grind 0.5 g of E-Chrome Black T with 100 g of powdered sodium chloride. Use a dark-colored bottle for storage. The powder has a storage life of at least 1 year.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><u>Note:<\/u>[(Erio chrome black \u2013T) = Sodium salt of 1-(1-hydroxy-2-naphthylazo) -5-nitro-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><strong><u>3- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0641\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645):<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">1) Dissolve 16.9 g ammonium chloride (NH<sub>4<\/sub>Cl) in 143 ml conc. ammonium hydroxide (NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH). Add 1.25 g magnesium salt of EDTA (available commercially) and dilute to 250 ml with distilled water.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">2) If the magnesium salt of EDTA is unavailable, dissolve 1.179 g disodium salt of ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid dihydrate (analytical reagent grade) and 780 mg magnesium sulfate (MgSO<sub>4<\/sub>.7H<sub>2<\/sub>O) or 644 mg magnesium chloride (MgCl<sub>2<\/sub>.6H<sub>2<\/sub>O) in 50 ml distilled water. Add this solution to 16.9 g NH<sub>4<\/sub>Cl and 143 ml conc. NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH with mixing and dilute to 250 ml with distilled water. To attain the highest accuracy, adjust to exact equivalence through appropriate addition of a small amount of EDTA or MgSO<sub>4<\/sub> or MgCl<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Store Solution (1) or (2) in a plastic or borosilicate glass container for no longer than 1 month.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>4- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>Na<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>EDTA<\/u><u> \u0623\u0648<\/u><\/strong><u><strong>Disodium Ethylenediamine Tetraacetate<\/strong> <\/u><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left\">A) -01 molar Na<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>EDTA: Weigh 3.723 g of disodium<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ethylene diamine tetraacetate dihydrate in 800 ml, Adjust the pH of the solution to 10.5 with NaOH solution (50 g\/L) then complete to 1000 ml standardize # Calcium standard solution (1 ml of EDTA = 1.00 mg CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: left\">\n<li>B) -001 molar for low hardness: preparation from 0.01 molar using [M.V = M&#8217;.V&#8217; equation].<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>5- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 <\/u><u>standardization<\/u><u> \u0644\u0644<\/u><u>EDTA<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Dissolve 1.0 g of anhydrous CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> in 1000 ml.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">So that: Molarity of CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> = wt (gm) x 1000\/ (mwt x volume ml)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 = 1 x 1000 \/ (100 x 1000) = 0.01 molar<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Where mwt of CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> = 100.09 \u2248 100<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">So, (M.V) <sub>EDTA<\/sub> = (M.V) <sub>CaCO3<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">If we take 10 ml of CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> standard solution:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">M <sub>EDTA<\/sub> = 0.01 x 10\/ ml added <sub>(EDTA)<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644EDTA.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644 Standardization \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644EDTA \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>6- \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0642 <\/u><u>Na<sub>2<\/sub>S<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Dissolve 5.0 g sodium sulfide nonahydrate (Na<sub>2<\/sub>S.9H<sub>2<\/sub>O) or 3.7 g Na<sub>2<\/sub>S.5H<sub>2<\/sub>O in 100 ml distilled water. Exclude air with a tightly fitting rubber stopper. This inhibitor deteriorates through air oxidation<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><em><strong><u>\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644<\/u> <u>\u00a0\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0649:<\/u><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Weigh 1.000 g anhydrous CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> powder (primary standard or special reagent low in heavy metals, alkalis, and magnesium) into a 500-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Place a funnel in the flask neck and add, a little at a time, 1 + 1 HCl until all CaCO<sub>3<\/sub> has dissolved. Add 200 ml distilled water and boil for a few minutes to expel CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Cool, add a few drops of methyl red indicator, and adjust to the intermediate orange color by adding 3N NH<sub>4<\/sub>OH or 1 + 1 HCl, as required. Transfer quantitatively and dilute to 1000 ml with distilled water.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b:\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629:<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">1- EDTA in burette (0.01M or 0.001M) or 0.02 M, 0.002 M.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">2- 100 ml sample + 2ml buffer (pH =10) + Erio-T + inhibitor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">3- Titrate to blue color (end point).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2><strong><u>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b:\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a <\/u><u>(Calculations)<\/u><u>:<\/u><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(M x V) <sub>as CaCO3<\/sub> = (M x V.)<sub>EDTA<\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(Wt\/Mwt x 1000) x V = (M.V.) <sub>EDTA <\/sub><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Wt<sub> as CaCO3<\/sub> = <u>N<sub> EDTA<\/sub> x V<sub> EDTA<\/sub> x [40+12 + (16&#215;3)]<\/u> \/ (ml sample. x 1000)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">= <u>M<sub> EDTA<\/sub> x V<sub>EDTA<\/sub> x 100\/<\/u> ml sample. x 1000<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Hardness <sub>(ppm as CaCO3)<\/sub> = Wt x 10<sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 75px\" width=\"701\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"638\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left\"><u>To convert hardness in ppm to mmol\/l:<\/u><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Ppm = mg\/l \u0092 divide by 1000 \u0092 gm\/l \u0092 divide by mwt of CaCO<sub>3<\/sub>\u0092 mol\/l \u0092 divide by 1000 gives mmol\/l.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">1- for concentration between 10 ppm \u2013 250 ppm:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Hardness <sub>(ppm as CaCO3)<\/sub> = (ml 0.01M EDTA x 1000) \/ ml sample.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f 100 \u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">2- for concentration less than 10 ppm:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">Hardness <sub>(ppm as CaCO3)<\/sub> = (ml 0.01M EDTA x 1000) \/ ml sample<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left\">(\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f500 \u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629)<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><u>\u00a0(\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a):<\/u><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u00a5 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a5 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644 Erio-T\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>3- Titration # EDTA<\/p>\n<p>[The colour: wine red \u009e violet \u009e blue (sky blue)].<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #ff0000\"><u>\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u0629:<\/u><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u00a5 \u0641\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064f\u0631\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a5 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 5 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644Buffer.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p><u>(\u064a\u0646\u0635\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>standard method <\/u><u>\u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644<\/u><u>ASTM<\/u><u> \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a)<\/u><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><script type=\"text\/javascript\">!function(e,n,t){var o,c=e.getElementsByTagName(n)[0];e.getElementById(t)||(o=e.createElement(n),o.id=t,o.src=\"http:\/\/connect.facebook.net\/ar\/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.11\",c.parentNode.insertBefore(o,c))}(document,\"script\",\"facebook-jssdk\");<\/script><br \/>\n<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ro-blog.com\/water-hardness\/\">Source link <\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631. \u00a0 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631\u061f \u00a0 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 (\u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 (\u062a\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u063a\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646). \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3959,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[799],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3958","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-799"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3958"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3958\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3959"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3958"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3958"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/water.ma\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3958"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}